CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN ASIA
Region/country Location/ community Collection period Study population Sample size Consanguinity(%) Consanguinity types Coefficient of inbreeding (a) Reference DOI/PMID/URL
East Asia                  
China                  
Han Beijing, urban 1949/67 Household survey 2370 0.007 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0003 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
  Beijing, suburban 1949/67 Household survey 1409 1.1 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0005 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
  Beijing, rural 1949/67 Household survey 1572 1.1 1C,11/2C,D2C, 0.0003 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
  Shanghai, urban - - 3127 0.8 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0006 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Hubei, urban 1949/67 Household survey 500 1.2 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0007 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
  Hubei, rural 1949/67 Household survey 1874 2.8 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0015 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
  Hubei, rural - - 14427 4.3 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0026 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Sichuan, Shifang 1987 Household survey 526 6.8 1C 0.0043 Wang (pers. comm.)  
  Sichuan, rural - - 168 4.8 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0023 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Heilongiang - - 5313 1.2 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0006 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Yunnan, rural - - 553 4.7 1C,11/2C,2C - Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Xinjiang - - 1535 1.7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0008 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Guizhou, rural - - 518 5.7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0034 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Zejiang, mountain 1981/91 Household survey 11199 3 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0017 Zhan et al. (1992) PMID: 1338706
  Zejiang, plateau 1981/91 Household survey 15762 1.1 UN,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0006 Zhan et al. (1992) PMID: 1338706
  Zejiang 1981/91 Household survey 17381 2.5 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0014 Zhan et al. (1992) PMID: 1338706
  All-Hong Kong 1961/64 Obstetric inpatients 9749 1.8 >1C,1C,<1C - Stevenson et al. (1966) https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362
Kazakh Xinjiang 1951/76 Household survey 1079 2.9 D1C,1C,2C 0.0011 Ai et al. (1985) https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RLXB198503005.htm
Uygur Xinjiang 1951/76 Household survey 2553 8.2 D1C,1C,2C 0.0047 Ai et al. (1985) https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RLXB198503005.htm
Kirgiz Xinjiang - - 2863 45.2 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0274 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
Tajik Uzbek Xinjiang - - 1325 42.8 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0246 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Xinjiang - - 159 23.3 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0011 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
Huizu Xinjiang 1951/76 Household survey 1079 2.9 UN,1C,2C 0.0011 Ai et al. (1985) https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RLXB198503005.htm
  Gansu - - 1376 9.7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0049 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Guangdong - - 614 3.9 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0012 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Guizhou - - 555 11.2 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0065 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
Tibetan Xi Zhang 1949/67 Household survey 697 0 - 0 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
Korean Ji Lin 1949/67 Household survey 2080 0 - 0 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
Lizu Guangdong/ Hainan 1949/67 Household survey 1310 1.5 1C,11/2C,D2C, 0.0005 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
  Sichuan, urban - - 354 58.2 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0431 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
  Sichuan, rural - - 326 32.2 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0112 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
Yizu Sichuan 1949/67 Household survey 2054 14.6 1C,11/2C,D2C, 0.0091 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
  Guizhou - - 512 12.7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0067 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
Dongxiang Gansu 1949/67 Household survey 2092 4.3 1C,11/2C,D2C, 0.0023 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
Bo’an Gansu 1949/67 Household survey 772 10.9 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0058 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
Ewenki Nei Meng Gu 1949/67 Household survey 626 3.4 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0012 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
Orogen Nei Meng Gu/ Hei Lung Jiang 1949/67 Household survey 183 1.6 11/2C 0.0003 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
Miaozu Guangdong/ Hainan 1949/67 Household survey 330 0.9 1C,11/2C 0.0004 Du et al. (1981) PMID: 6805882
Xibe Xinjiang 1951/76 Household survey 1222 4.7 1C,2C 0.0025 Ai et al. (1985) https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RLXB198503005.htm
Mongolian Xinjiang 1951/76 Household survey 446 0.5 1C 0.0003 Ai et al. (1985) https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RLXB198503005.htm
Daizu Yunnan - - 94 21.3 1C,11/2C,2C - Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
Hizhen Heilongiang - - 60 18.3 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0098 Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
Hani Yunnan - - 449 12.5 1C,11/2C,2C - Wu (1987) PMID: 6413017
Mong - 1992 Household survey 525 27.4 UN,1C,11/2C, 0.015 Yang et al. (1994)  
Man Laioning 1998 Household survey 418 3.1 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0012 Wang et al. (2002) DOI: 10.1080/03014460120157439
                   
Hong Kong                  
Chinese Hong Kong 2007/16 Obstetric inpatients 49032 0.04 1C,2C 0.00002 Siong et al. (2019) DOI: 10.12809/hkmj187783
Filipino Hong Kong 2007/16 Obstetric inpatients 235 0.4 2C 0.0006 Siong et al. (2019) DOI: 10.12809/hkmj187783
Indian Hong Kong 2007/16 Obstetric inpatients 177 6.2 1C 0.0039 Siong et al. (2019) DOI: 10.12809/hkmj187783
Nepalese Hong Kong 2007/16 Obstetric inpatients 669 2.7 1C,2C 0.0013 Siong et al. (2019) DOI: 10.12809/hkmj187783
Pakistani Hong Kong 2007/16 Obstetric inpatients 931 30.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0166 Siong et al. (2019) DOI: 10.12809/hkmj187783
                   
Japan Fukushima - Household survey 3659 15.5 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0067 Watanabe (1956)  
  Hiroshima 1948/53 Obstetric outpatients 27934 5.9 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0027 Schull (1958) PMCID: PMC1931919
  Nagasaki 1948/53 Obstetric Outpatients 33319 8 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0037 Schull (1958) PMCID: PMC1931919
  Kure 1948/53 Obstetric outpatients 8211 7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0032 Schull (1958) PMCID: PMC1931919
  Hirado 1964/65 Civil registration 10457 14.7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0061 Schull et al. (1970) PMCID: PMC1706552
  Fukuoka 1962/65 Household 45,230 7.6 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0029 Yamaguchi et al. (1970) PMCID: PMC1706534
  Shizuoka 1958/60 Household survey 6161 8.1 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0036 Komai & Tanaka (1972) PMID: 4674803
  All-Japan 1972 Household Survey 9385 5.7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0018 Imaizumi et al. (1975) PMID: 1238786
  Tokyo 1975/76 Paediatric outpatients 2383 1.2 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0006 Tanaka et al. (1978) DOI: 10.1007/BF01908195
  Tokyo 1961 School survey 4153 4.6 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0021 Furusho (1979) 10.1007/BF01907828
  Yokohama 1961 School survey 2713 5.3 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0026 Furusho (1979) 10.1007/BF01907828
  Tokyo & Osaka 1981 Workplace survey/ optician outpatients 983 0.4 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0001 Hosoda et al. (1983) DOI: 10.1007/BF01876600
  All-Japan 1983 Household survey 9225 3.9 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0013 Imaizumi (1986) DOI: 10.1080/03014468600008501
                   
Southeast Asia                  
Cambodia Siem Reap 2004 Hospital in-/ outpatient 300 12.3 1C,2C 0.0035 Sullivan pers. comm.  
                   
Indonesia West Timor & West Flores, Roman Catholic 1990 Household survey 970 17.8 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0095 Glinka (1994)  
                   
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 1961/64 Obstetric inpatients 15658 7.6 >1C,1C,<1C - Stevenson et al. (1966) https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362
                   
Philippines Manila 1961/64 Obstetric inpatients 29143 0.4 >1C,1C,<1C - Stevenson et al. (1966) https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362
                   
Singapore All-Singapore 1961/64 Obstetric inpatients 39333 5 >1C,1C,<1C - Stevenson et al. (1966) https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362
  Chinese 1980 Marriage registration 16698 0.3 1C 0.0002 Tay (1982)  
  Indian 1980 Marriage registration 989 4 UN,1C 0.0028 Tay (1982)  
                   
South Asia                  
Afghanistan Nangarhar & Kunard provinces 1995 Household survey 168 55.4 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0332 Wahab et al.. (2006) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932005026404
  Pashtun 2010 Household survey 2133 43.1 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0296 Saify & Saadat (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932011000253
  Hazara 2010 Household survey 1081 46.7 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0293 Saify & Saadat (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932011000253
  Tajik (Soni) 2010 Household survey 2293 37.8 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.025 Saify & Saadat (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932011000253
  Tajik (Shia) 2010 Household survey 470 43.4 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0263 Saify & Saadat (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932011000253
  Uzbek 2010 Household survey 828 43.7 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0286 Saify & Saadat (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932011000253
  Turkmen 2010 Household survey 335 47.8 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0297 Saify & Saadat (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932011000253
  All-Afghan  2010 Household survey 7140 42.3 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0277 Saify & Saadat (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932011000253
  West and South provinces                
  Pashtun 2011/12 Household survey 1369 50.2 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0223 Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000661
                   
  Hazara 2011/12 Household survey 1427 53.4 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0217 Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000661
  Tajik (Soni) 2011/12 Household survey 1097 50.8 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.021 Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000661
  Tajik (Shia) 2011/12 Household survey 546 49.3 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0252 Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000661
  Turkmen 2011/12 Household survey 496 63.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0224 Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000661
  Sadat 2011/12 Household survey 265 50.6 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0218 Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013)  DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000661
  All West & South 2011/12 Household survey 5200 52.3 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0219 Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000661
                   
Bangladesh Matlab 1966/- Household survey 8000 6.7 1C,2C 0.0015 Khan et al. (unpublished)  
  Teknaf 1976/- Household survey 4266 17.6 1C,2C 0.0101 Khan et al. (unpublished)  
                   
India                  
East Calcutta 1961/64 Obstetric inpatients 19111 0.5 >1C,1C,<1C - Stevenson et al. (1966) https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362
  West Bengal, Muslim 1969/71 Household survey 835 22.2 1C,2C 0.0135 Huq (1976)  
  Bihar, Muslim, suburban - Household survey 7209 24 1C 0.015 Afzal (1988) DOI: 10.1007/BF01082310
  Bihar, Muslim, rural - Household survey 4524 39.9 1C 0.0249 Afzal (1988) DOI: 10.1007/BF01082310
  Bihar, All-Muslim - Household survey 476 13.9 1C,2C 0.0076 Ansari & Sinha (1978) PMID: 721202
  All-East India, Muslim 1992/93 Household survey 2622 15.8 UN,1C,2C 0.0097 Bittles & Hussain (2000) DOI: 10.1080/030144600282271
  All-East India 1992/93 Household survey 14679 5.3 UN,1C,2C 0.0032 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
  All-East India 2015/16 Household survey 100800 3.5 UN,1C,2C 0.0023 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
Central Madhya Pradesh, Hindu - - 1145 8.6 UN,1C,2C 0.0033 Goswami (1970) 10.1017/S112096230001489X
  Madhya Pradesh, Scheduled tribes & castes - - 147 28.6 UN,1C,2C 0.0145 Goswami (1970) 10.1017/S112096230001489X
  Madhya Pradesh, Muslim - - 451 46.1 UN,1C,2C 0.0215 Goswami (1970) 10.1017/S112096230001489X
  Madhya Pradesh, Christians - - 72 25 UN,1C,2C 0.0098 Goswami (1970) 10.1017/S112096230001489X
  All-Central India, Muslim 1992/93 Household survey 1819 27.3 UN,1C,2C 0.0168 Bittles & Hussain (2000) DOI: 10.1080/030144600282271
  All-Central India 1992/93 Household survey 17650 6 UN,1C,2C 0.0037 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
  All-Central India 2015/16 Household survey 137877 6.5 UN,1C,2C 0.004 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
North Delhi, Sunni Muslim - Household survey 1483 24.4 1C,11/2C,2C 0.01 Basu (1975) PMID: 12307582
  Lucknow, Shia Muslim - Household survey 1000 43.4 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0202 Basu (1975) PMID: 12307582
  Udaipur, Shia Muslim - Household survey 957 41.1 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0218 Basu (1978)  
  Delhi, Sunni Muslim - Household survey 502 36.5 1C,11/2C,2C 0.018 Krishan (1986) DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330700112
  Lucknow, Hindu 1981/84 Obstetric inpatients 7955 0.1 UN,1C 0.0001 Agarwal et al. (1991) PMID: 1774092
  Lucknow, Muslim 1981/84 Obstetric inpatients 1276 17.2 UN,1C,2C 0.0095 Agarwal et al. (1991) PMID: 1774092
  All-North India, Muslim 1992/93 Household survey 1166 23 UN,1C,2C 0.013 Bittles & Hussain (2000) DOI: 10.1080/030144600282271
  Ladakh, Balti, Shia Muslim - Household survey 208 18.8 UN,1C,2C 0.0111 Bhasin & Nag (2002) DOI: 10.1080/09720073.2002.11890739
  Ladakh, Brokpa, Sunni Muslim - Household survey 54 14.8 1C,2C 0.0075 Bhasin & Nag (2002) DOI: 10.1080/09720073.2002.11890739
  Ladakh, Arghuns, Sunni Muslim - Household survey 151 21.8 UN,1C,2C 0.014 Bhasin & Nag (2002) DOI: 10.1080/09720073.2002.11890739
  All-North India 1992/93 Household survey 18538 2.6 UN,1C,2C 0.0015 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
  All-North India 2015/16 Household survey 104840 5 UN,1C,2C 0.003 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
North-east All North-east India 1992/93 Household survey 8571 2.1 UN,1C,2C 0.0013 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
  All-North-east India 2015/16 Household survey 70467 1.5 UN,1C,2C 0.0009 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
South Andhra Pradesh 1959/- Hospital inpatients 2177 30.6 UN,AN,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0195 Dronamraju & Meera Khan (1963) DOI: 10.1007/BF02986307
  Andhra Pradesh 1957/58 Household survey 6945 42.5 UN,1C 0.0324 Sanghvi (1966) DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1966.9987682
  Andhra Pradesh, Vedde 1982 Household survey 2078 32.4 UN,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0185 Reddy (1992) PMID: 1398609
  Karnataka, Hindu 1980/89 Obstetric inpatients 86448 33.5 UN,1C,2C 0.0333 Bittles et al. (1991) DOI: 10.1126/science.2028254
  Karnataka, Muslim 1980/89 Obstetric inpatients 17019 23.7 UN,1C,2C 0.016 Bittles et al. (1991) DOI: 10.1126/science.2028254
  Karnataka, Christian 1980/89 Obstetric inpatients 4038 18.6 UN,1C,2C 0.0173 Bittles et al. (1991) DOI: 10.1126/science.2028254
  All-Karnataka 1980/89 Obstetric Inpatients 107518 31.4 UN,1C,2C 0.0299 Bittles et al. (1991) DOI: 10.1126/science.2028254
  Belgaum, Hindu - Household survey 462 31.2 UN,1C 0.0273 Nath et al. (2004)  
  Kerala 1966 Hospital inpatients 889 20.7 1C,2C 0.0118 Kumar et al. (1967) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1967.tb00545.x
  Kerala - - 1631 13 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0075 Ali (1968) DOI: 10.1159/000152155
  Tamil Nadu 1968/69 Household survey 31390 30 UN,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0231 Rao et al. (1971) PMID: 5579246
  Tamil Nadu, rural 1969/74 Household survey 11628 46.3 UN,AN,1C,11/2C 0.0367 Rao & Inbaraj (1977) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1977.tb01964.x
  Tamil Nadu, urban 1969/74 Household survey 8998 28.6 UN,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0203 Rao & Inbaraj (1977) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1977.tb01964.x
  Tamil Nadu, Brahmin 1971/72 Household survey 486 17.3 UN,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0124 Srinavasan & Mukherjee (1976) DOI: 10.1159/000152794
  Pondicherry 1971/72 Household survey 1494 55.1 UN,1C,<1C 0.0449 Puri et al. (1978) PMID: 1500125
  All-South India, Muslim 1992/93 Household survey 1912 19.4 UN,1C,2C 0.0111 Bittles & Hussain (2000) DOI: 10.1080/030144600282271
  Karnataka, Mangalore, Hindu - Household survey 417 4.1 1C,2C 0.0018 Bhagya et al. (2012) PDF FILE
  Karnataka, Mangalore, Muslim - Household survey 376 11.2 1C,2C 0.0042 Bhagya et al. (2012) PDF FILE
  Karnataka, Mangalore, Christian - Household survey 371 1.1 1C 0.0007 Bhagya et al. (2012) PDF FILE
  Tamil Nadu, Madurai, rural 2014/15 Household survey 750 39.2 UN,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0264 Saleem et al. (2016) DOI 10.5455/ijmsph.2016.20112015221
  All-South India 1992/93 Household survey 16834 26.5 UN,1C,2C 0.0172 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
  All-South India 2015/16 Household survey 66702 23.8 UN,1C,2C 0.0153 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
West Bombay, Hindu - - 3520 7.7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0039 Sanghvi et al. (1956) DOI: 10.1159/000150808
  Bombay, Muslim - - 1436 21.8 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0095 Sanghvi et al. (1956) DOI: 10.1159/000150808
  Bombay, Christian - - 1063 3.4 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0012 Sanghvi et al. (1956) DOI: 10.1159/000150808
  Bombay, Parsi - - 578 18 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0096 Sanghvi et al. (1956) DOI: 10.1159/000150808
  Bombay, Parsi 1961/72 Obstetric inpatients 2348 7.4 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0036 Undevia & Balakrishnan (1978)  
  Bombay 1961/64 Obstetric inpatients 39155 9.8 >1C,1C,<1C - Stevenson et al. (1966) https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362
  Maharashtra 1971/73 Household survey 5282 26.4 UN,1C 0.0175 Malhotra (1979) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932000012487
  All-West India, Muslim 1992/93 Household survey 917 33 UN,1C,2C 0.0201 Bittles & Hussain (2000) DOI: 10.1080/030144600282271
  Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Hindu - Household survey 548 15.9 UN/AN,1C,2C 0.0101 Sonkar et al. (2013) https://www.bibliomed.org/?mno=266475
  Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Muslim - Household survey 101 23.8 1C,2C 0.0144 Sonkar et al. (2013) https://www.bibliomed.org/?mno=266475
  Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Buddhist - Household survey 51 7.8 1C 0.0053 Sonkar et al. (2013) https://www.bibliomed.org/?mno=266475
  All-West India 1992/93 Household survey 11072 12.5 UN,1C,2C 0.0077 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
  All-West India 2015/16 Household survey 42695 9.5 UN,1C,2C 0.0059 Kumari et al. (2020) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932019000762
                   
Iran Shiraz 1972/75 Obstetric inpatients 9526 24.5 1C,2C 0.0128 Naderi (1979) PMID: 570260
  Rural, Azeri - - 440 31.8 1C,2C 0.0071 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Rural, Kurdish - - 550 38 1C,2C 0.0157 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Rural, Others - - 3688 50 1C,2C 0.0234 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Tribal, Turkmen - - 647 18.4 1C,2C 0.0077 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Tribal, Qashqai - - 189 73.5 1C,2C 0.0392 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Muslim - - 756 24.3 1C,2C 0.0117 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Zoroastrian - - 600 17 1C,2C 0.0109 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Armenian - - 107 2.8 1C,2C 0.0018 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Assyrian - - 162 9.3 1C,2C 0.002 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Jewish - - 449 25.4 UN,1C,2C 0.0134 Farhud et al. (1991) https://doaj.org/article/32f2569516d84339b1c8eb20f24d1816
  Persian, Shi’a 2001 Household survey 169310 30 D1C,1C,2C 0.017 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Persian, Sunni 2001 Household survey 5435 52.1 D1C,1C,2C 0.0289 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Kurdish, Shi’a 2001 Household survey 17005 35.9 D1C,1C,2C 0.0208 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Kurdish, Sunni 2001 Household survey 14017 40.1 D1C,1C,2C 0.0235 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Azari 2001 Household survey 60161 31.6 D1C,1C,2C 0.0184 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Lur 2001 Household survey 22545 31.1 D1C,1C,2C 0.0182 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Baluchi 2001 Household survey 4484 50 D1C,1C,2C 0.0294 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Turkaman 2001 Household survey 1911 37.6 D1C,1C,2C 0.0218 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Arab 2001 Household survey 4238 44.3 D1C,1C,2C 0.0239 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Bakhtiari 2001 Household survey 4772 36.5 D1C,1C,2C 0.0203 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Zaboli 2001 Household survey 1193 37 D1C,1C,2C 0.0209 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Ghashghai 2001 Household survey 1272 40.3 D1C,1C,2C 0.0223 Saadat et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001652211
  Yazd - Newborn survey 1195 25.1 D1C,1C,11/2C 0.0165 Tayebi et al. (2010) DOI: 10.5001/omj.2010.9
  Georgian - Household survey 644 22 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0103 Rafiee & Saadat (2011) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932010000295
  Gilan 2005 Household survey 1598 20.9 1C,2C 0.0082 Hosseini-Chavoshi et al. (2014) DOI: 10.1159/000358403
  Isfahan 2005 Household survey 1494 44.2 1C,2C 0.0177 Hosseini-Chavoshi et al. (2014) DOI: 10.1159/000358403
  Yazd 2005 Household survey 1505 50.2 1C,2C 0.0208 Hosseini-Chavoshi et al(2014). DOI: 10.1159/000358403
  Tehran 2005 Household survey 918 34 1C,2C 0.0121 Hosseini-Chavoshi et al. (2014) DOI: 10.1159/000358403
  Tabriz 2012/13 Premarital counselling 766 20.9 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0082 Heidari et al. (2014)  
                   
Nepal Muslim 2011/12 Household survey 400 32.5 1C 0.0203 Bhatta & Haque (2014) DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2014.980779
                   
Pakistan Lahore 1979/80 Obstetric inpatients 966 38.8 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0269 Shami & Zahida (1982)  
  Mianchannu 1980 Household survey 135 37.8 1C 0.0236 Shami (1983)  
  Muridke 1980 Household survey 251 41.2 1C,11/2C,D2C 0.024 Shami (1983)  
  Sheikhupura 1982/83 Household survey 1007 48.9 1C,11/2C,D2C 0.0271 Shami & Iqbal (1983) PMID: 12266318
  Gujrat 1982/83 Household survey/ obstetric inpatients 1002 48.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0277 Shami & Hussain (1984)  
  Jhelum 1983/84 Household survey 1027 44.2 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0262 Shami & Minhas (1984)  
  Rawalpindi 1983/84 Household survey 1000 48.1 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0286 Shami & Siddiqui (1984)  
  Faisalabad 1985/86 Household survey 1033 52.1 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0293 Bittles et al. (1993) PDF File
  Gujrunwala 1985/86 Household survey 1059 58.9 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0323 Bittles et al. (1993) PDF File
  Sahiwal 1985/86 Household survey 1003 56.1 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0295 Bittles et al. (1993) PDF File
  Sialkot 1985/86 Household survey 1037 51.8 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0261 Bittles et al. (1993) PDF File
  All-Punjab 1979/86 Household survey/obstetric inpatients 9520 50.3 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.028 Bittles et al. (1993) PDF File
  Lahore 1987/90 Household survey 940 46.2 D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C 0.0242 Yaqoob et al. (1993) DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12903.x
  All-Pakistan 1990/91 Household survey 6611 61.2 1C,2C 0.0332 NIPS (1992) https://dhsprogram.com/
  NWFP/Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1990/91 Household survey 878 51 1C,2C 0.0259 NIPS (1992) https://dhsprogram.com/
  Quetta - Gynaecology inpatients 171 31.6 1C,2C 0.0217 Mian & Mushtaq (1994)  
  Swat, urban 1986 Household survey 1019 31.1 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0163 Wahab & Ahmad (1996) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932000022379
  Swat, rural 1986 Household survey 1018 37.1 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0166 Wahab & Ahmad (1996) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932000022379
  All-Pakistan 2006/07 Household survey 10023 60.5 1C,2C 0.034 NIPS (2008) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR200/FR200.pdf
  Punjab 2006/07 Household survey 5800 60.7 1C,2C 0.0344 NIPS (2008) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR200/FR200.pdf
  Sindh 2006/07 Household survey 2410 64.2 1C,2C 0.0365 NIPS (2008) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR200/FR200.pdf
  NWFP/Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2006/07 Household survey 1351 51.1 1C,2C 0.028 NIPS (2008) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR200/FR200.pdf
  Balochistan 2006/07 Household survey 462 65.5 1C,2C 0.0346 NIPS (2008) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR200/FR200.pdf
  All-Pakistan 2012/13 Household survey 13558 56.4 1C,2C 0.0315 NIPS (2013) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR290/FR290.pdf
  Punjab 2012/13 Household survey 7790 54.1 1C,2C 0.0308 NIPS (2013) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR290/FR290.pdf
  Sindh 2012/13 Household survey 3133 63.1 1C,2C 0.0345 NIPS (2013) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR290/FR290.pdf
  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2012/13 Household survey 1908 53.3 1C,2C 0.0295 NIPS (2013) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR290/FR290.pdf
  Balochistan 2012/13 Household survey 568 63.4 1C,2C 0.0339 NIPS (2013) https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR290/FR290.pdf
  Azad Jammu & Kashmir 2010 Household survey 1584 62.2 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0347 Jabeen & Malik (2014) PMCID: PMC4216966
  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Malakand, rural 2011/13 Household survey 1192 66.4 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0338 Sthanadar et al. (2014) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932013000552
  Southern Punjab, Rahim Yar Khan 2010/11 Household survey 2174 58.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0355 Riaz et al. (2016) DOI: 10.1186/s41043-016-0049-x
  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2015/16 Household survey 1500 58.3 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0259 Pervaiz et al. (2018) DOI:10.101/S0021932017000189
  Islamabad - Maternal care hospital outpatients 300 51 1C,2C 0.0259 Khan & Mazhar (2018) DOI: 10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181898
  Rawalpindi 2017 Obstetric inpatients 1381 45.4 1C,2C 0.0217 Choudry et al. (2020)  
                   
Sri Lanka Kandy, Buddhist 1973 Household survey 455 0.215 1C,2C 0.0092 Reid (1976) https://www.jstor.org/stable/41464387
                   
West Asia                  
Bahrain Bahrain 1989 Child health survey 10070 45.5 1C,<1C 0.0166 Al-Naser (1994)   
  Bahrain 1989 Married women 500 31.8 1C,11/2C, 2C 0.0152 Al Arrayed (1994)   
  Bahrain 2009 Newborn survey 10248 6.8 1C 0.0003 Al-Arrayed & Hamamy (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932011000666
                   
Iraq Baghdad - Hospital in- & out-patients/ medical students 4491 46.4 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0225 Al-Hamamy et al. (1986)  
  Baghdad - Workplace survey 382 53.4 1C,2C 0.0228 Hamamy & Al-Hakkak (1989) https://www.jstor.org/stable/45102318
  Baghdad, urban 2004 Household survey 6381 29 D1C,1C 0.0194 Central Organization for Statistics and IT (COSIT) (2005) Global Heath Data Exchange
  Baghdad, rural 2004 Household survey 437 50 D1C,1C 0.0325 COSIT (2005) Global Heath Data Exchange
  Central Iraq, urban 2004 Household survey 3950 35 D1C,1C 0.0238 COSIT (2005) Global Heath Data Exchange
  Central Iraq, rural 2004 Household survey 2274 40 D1C,1C 0.0263 COSIT (2005) Global Heath Data Exchange
  Northern Iraq, urban 2004 Household survey 553 25 D1C,1C 0.0176 COSIT (2005) Global Heath Data Exchange
  Northern Iraq, rural 2004 Household survey 2339 26 D1C,1C 0.0219 COSIT (2005) Global Heath Data Exchange
  Southern Iraq, urban 2004 Household survey 5582 32 D1C,1C 0.0213 COSIT (2005) Global Heath Data Exchange
  Southern Iraq, rural 2004 Household survey 2384 41 D1C,1C 0.0269 COSIT (2005) Global Heath Data Exchange
  All-Iraq 2004 Household survey 23937 33 D1C,1C 0.0219 COSIT (2005) Global Heath Data Exchange
                   
Israel Ashkenazi migrants 1955/57 Obstetric inpatients 4734 1.4 UN,1C 0.0009 Goldschmidt et al. (1960) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1960.tb01732.x
  Sephardi migrants 1955/57 Obstetric inpatients 6690 8.8 UN,1C 0.006 Goldschmidt et al. (1960) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1960.tb01732.x
  Petah Tiqwa, Jewish, Askenazi 1969/70 Obstetric inpatients 1242 1.3 >1C,1C,<1C - Tsafrir & Halbrecht(1972) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1957.tb01408.x
  Petah Tiqwa Jewish, Non-Ashkenazi 1969/70 Obstetric inpatients 1916 14.3 >1C,1C,<1C - Tsafrir & Halbrecht (1972) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1957.tb01408.x
  All-Israel, Arab - School survey 3203 34.2 D1C,1C 0.0238 Bashi (1977) DOI: 10.1038/266440a0
  Galilee, Druze - Paediatric clinic 191 48.7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0252 Freundlich & Hino (1984) PMID: 6511329
  Galilee, Muslim - Paediatric clinic 189 39.7 1C,2C,11/2C 0.0199 Freundlich & Hino (1984) PMID: 6511329
  Galilee, Christian - Paediatric clinic 170 28.8 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0137 Freundlich & Hino (1984) PMID: 6511329
  Galilee, Arab & Druze 1976/83 Paediatric clinic 1546 32.2 1C,2C 0.0163 Gev et al. (1986) DOI: 10.1159/000153628
  All-Israel, Arab, urban 1992 School survey 1156 24.2 D1C,1C,11/2C 0.0153 Jaber et al. (1994) DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1994.02170040078013
  All-Israel, Arab, suburban 1992 School survey 2267 28.2 D1C,1C,11/2C 0.0178 Jaber et al. (1994) DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1994.02170040078013
  All-Israel, Arab, rural 1992 School survey 5098 30.6 D1C,1C,11/2C 0.0194 Jaber et al. (1994) DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1994.02170040078013
  Central Israel, Arab 1981/85 School survey 3328 26.6 D1C,1C,11/2C 0.0153 Jaber et al. (2000) DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.580203.x
  All Israel, Arab Muslim 1990/92 Obstetric survey 1025 32.1 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0177 Vardi-Saliternik et al. (2002) DOI: 10.1080/03014460110100928
  All Israel, Bedouin 1990/92 Obstetric survey 278 45.3 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0253 Vardi-Salternik et al. (2002) DOI: 10.1080/03014460110100928
  All Israel, Arab Christian 1990/92 Obstetric survey 107 20.6 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0119 Vardi-Salternik et al. (2002) DOI: 10.1080/03014460110100928
  All Israel, Druze 1990/92 Obstetric survey 115 40.9 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0233 Vardi-Salternik et al. (2002) DOI: 10.1080/03014460110100928
  Lower Galilee, Arab 1970/2000 Village study 483 17.5 1C 0.0104 Zlotogora et al. (2002) DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.10082
  Haifa District, Arab Muslim 1980/85 Multi-village survey 264 29.9 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C, 0.0184 Sharkia et al. (2007) DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20678
  Haifa District, Arab Muslim 2000/04 Multi-village survey 1057 20 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0106 Sharkia et al. (2007) DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20678
  Southern Israel, Bedouin 2009/10 Obstetric survey 1290 39.1 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0236 Na’amnih et al. (2014) DOI: 10.1007/s12687-014-0188-y
  Haifa, Northern & Central Israel, Arab Muslim <2000/09 Health centre study 4894 23.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0125 Na’amnih et al. (2015) DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22610
  Haifa, Northern & Central Israel, Druze <2000/09 Health centre study 696 27.2 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0139 Na’amnih et al. (2015) DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22610
  Haifa, Northern & Central Israel, Arab Christian <2000/09 Health centre study 395 14.9 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0073 Na’amnih et al. (2015) DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22610
  All-Israel, Arab Muslim 1948/2007 Multi-centre survey 2472 30.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0152 Sharkia et al. (2015) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932015000103
  All-Israel, Arab Christian 1948/2007 Multi-centre survey 363 16.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.011 Sharkia et al. (2015) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932015000103
  All-Israel, Arab Druze 1948/2007 Multi-centre survey 338 26.3 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0176 Sharkia et al. (2015) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932015000103
  All Israel, All-Arab 2000/07 Multi-centre survey 737 22.9 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0112 Sharkia et al. (2015) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932015000103
                   
Jordan Irbid, north-east 1963/64 Paediatric outpatients 1097 52.1 1C,11/2C,2C 0.023 Cook & Hanslip (1966) DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.tropej.a057182
  All-Jordan 1969/79 Household survey 1989 39.7 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0225 Khoury and Massad (1992) DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320430502
  Irbid - Hospital outpatients 900 50.6 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0284 Al-Salem & Rawashdeh (1993) DOI: 10.1017/s0021932000021921
  Balqa 1986/89 Household survey 340 40.3 1C,11/2C 0.018 Nabulsi (1993) DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1995.9988898
  Amman 2004 Diabetic clinic 2594 25.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0142 Hamamy et al. (2005) DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00426.x
  All-Jordan  2012 Household survey 11352 33.6 1C,2C 0.0159 Dept. of Statistics (Jordan) & ICF International (2013)  
                   
Kuwait All-Kuwait - Obstetric inpatients 2133 38.4 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0174 El-Alfi et al. (1969)  
  All-Kuwait 1983 Obstetric/ Gynecology outpatients 5007 34.3 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0219 Al-Awadi et al. (1985) DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1986.tb00509.x
  Kuwait City 1996/97 Household survey 404 22.5 D1C,1C,2C 0.0139 Radovanovic et al. (1999) DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.1999.206
  Jahra 1996/97 Household survey 555 42.2 D1C,1C,2C 0.0251 Radovanovic et al. (1999) DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.1999.206
                   
Lebanon Beirut 1981/82 Obstetric inpatients 750 26 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0116 Klat & Khudr (1986) DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1986.9988631
  Beirut, Christian 1983/84 Household survey 1001 16.5 1C,<1C 0.0049 Khlat (1988) PMCID: PMC1715345
  Beirut, 1983/84 Household survey 1853 29.6 1C,<1C 0.0109 Khlat (1988) PMCID: PMC1715345
  Beirut, All religions 1983/84 Household survey 2854 25 1C,<1C 0.0088 Khlat (1988) PMCID: PMC1715345
  Bekaa Valley, Sunni Bedouin 2000 Household survey 1100 47.2 1C 0.0324 Joseph (2007) DOI: 10.1086/522062
  All-Lebanon - Household survey 1556 35.5 1C,2C 0.0204 Barbour & Salameh (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003290
  All-Lebanon, Shia 2011 Household survey 1203 28 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0161 El-Kheshan & Saadat (2013) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000843
                   
Oman All-Oman 1994/97 Obstetric outpatients 60895 35.9 1C,2C 0.0169 Rajab & Patton (2000) DOI: 10.1080/030144600282208
  All-Oman 1995 Health centre 500 33 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.018 Rajab & Patton (2000) DOI: 10.1080/030144600282208
  All-Oman 1995 Household survey 6405 33.7 1C 0.0211 Islam (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000016
  All-Oman 2000 Household survey 2037 38.5 1C 0.0241 Islam (2012) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932012000016
                   
Palestinian Territories Gaza 1995 Household survey 10409 27.2 1C 0.017 Pedersen (2002) DOI: 10.1159/000066333
  West Bank 1995 Household survey 5778 31.6 1C 0.0198 Pedersen (2002) DOI: 10.1159/000066333
  All-Palestine 1995 Household survey 16171 29.2 1C 0.0183 Assaf & Khawaja (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932008002940
  All-Palestine 2004 Household survey 4971 27.7 D1C,1C 0.0186 Assaf & Khawaja (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932008002940
  Gaza 2000/13 Premarital survey 156635 39.9 1C,2C 0.0179 Sirdah (2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.01.003
                   
Qatar Doha 2004 Outpatient clinic 1515 44.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0271 Bener & Alali (2006) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932004007060
  Doha 2008 Workplace survey 132 50 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0333 Sandridge et al. (2010) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200999023X
                   
Saudi Arabia All-Saudi 1980s Hospital visitors 143 18.9 1C,2C 0.0085 Chaleby & Tuma (1987) DOI: 10.1192/bjp.150.4.547
  Riyadh 1979/80 Obstetric inpatients 1149 55 1C,2C 0.033 Serenius et al. (1988) DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10869.x
  Riyadh 1983/86 Obstetric inpatients 4498 31.4 1C 0.0196 Saedi-Wong et al. (1989) https://brill.com/view/journals/jaas/24/3-4/article-p247_9.xml
  Riyadh 1989/90 Household survey 6421 45.1 1C,2C 0.0174 Zakzouk et al. (1993) DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.1993.447
  Northern - Household survey 693 35.3 IC,2C 0.0206 El-Hazmi et al. (1995) DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.8.623
  North western - Household survey 391 48.1 IC,2C 0.0283 El-Hazmi et al. (1995) DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.8.623
  Central - Household survey 1108 43.2 IC,2C 0.0258 El-Hazmi et al. (1995) DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.8.623
  South western - Household survey 998 38.4 IC,2C 0.0229 El-Hazmi et al. (1995) DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.8.623
  Eastern - Household survey 22 50 IC,2C 0.0302 El-Hazmi et al. (1995) DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.8.623
  All-Saudi - Household survey 3212 40.6 IC,2C 0.0241 El-Hazmi et al. (1995) DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.8.623
  Riyadh 1993 Health clinics 2001 41.2 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0219 Al-Husain & Al-Bunyan (1997) DOI: 10.1080/02724936.1997.11747879
  Damman City, Eastern Province - Health care centres and hospitals 1307 43.4 DIC,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0312 Al-Abdulkareem & Ballal (1998) DOI: 10.1023/a:1018727005707
  Riyadh 2004/05 Household survey 2522 42.3 1C 0.0265 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Makkah 2004/05 Household survey 2278 32.4 1C 0.0202 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Gizan 2004/05 Household survey 565 32.9 1C 0.0206 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Eastern Province 2004/05 Household survey 1032 33.3 1C 0.0208 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Assir 2004/05 Household survey 833 24.6 1C 0.0154 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Qassim 2004/05 Household survey 713 29.6 1C 0.0185 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Hail 2004/05 Household survey 505 25.1 1C 0.0157 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Madinah 2004/05 Household survey 618 39.2 1C 0.0245 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Al-Baha 2004/05 Household survey 487 29 1C 0.0181 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Northern Borders 2004/05 Household survey 504 31.3 1C 0.0196 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Tabak 2004/05 Household survey 432 28.2 1C 0.0176 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Najran 2004/05 Household survey 472 28.4 1C 0.0177 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Al-Jouf 2004/05 Household survey 593 34.7 1C 0.0217 El-Mouzan et al. (2007) PMID: 17914520
  Riyadh - University students & hospital outpatients 293 37.8 1C,2C 0.0189 Warsy et al. (2014) PMCID: PMC4196414
                   
Syria Damascus, urban 2008 Household survey 6058 35.4 D1C,1C,2C 0.0253 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Damascus, rural 2008 Household survey 6067 46.1 D1C,1C,2C 0.0366 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Hama, urban 2008 Household survey 3436 33.7 D1C,1C,2C 0.0286 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Hama, rural 2008 Household survey 3634 47.1 D1C,1C,2C 0.0373 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Lattakia, urban 2008 Household survey 4190 14.6 D1C,1C,2C 0.009 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Lattakia, rural 2008 Household survey 4831 22.8 D1C,1C,2C 0.0159 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Tartous, urban 2008 Household survey 2344 28.2 D1C,1C,2C 0.0178 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Tartous, rural 2008 Household survey 4008 24.6 D1C,1C,2C 0.0159 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Al Raqa, urban 2008 Household survey 1236 48.9 D1C,1C,2C 0.0311 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Al Raqa, rural 2008 Household survey 1850 63 D1C,1C,2C 0.0389 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Homs, urban 2008 Household survey 3137 33.5 D1C,1C,2C 0.0286 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Homs, rural 2008 Household survey 3489 46.3 D1C,1C,2C 0.0362 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Edlep, urban 2008 Household survey 4130 17.2 D1C,1C,2C 0.0111 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Edlep, rural 2008 Household survey 4710 23.9 D1C,1C,2C 0.0153 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Aleppo, urban 2008 Household survey 6853 24.7 D1C,1C,2C 0.0191 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  Aleppo, rural 2008 Household survey 7985 32.8 D1C,1C,2C 0.0251 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  All-Syria, urban 2008 Household survey 31384 27.5 D1C,1C,2C 0.0203 Othman & Saadat (2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
  All-Syria, rural 2008 Household survey 36574 35.9 D1C,1C,2C 0.0265 Othman & Saadat( 2009) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932009003411
                   
Turkey Ankara 1971/73 Obstetric inpatients 23687 17 D1C,1C,11/2C 0.0095 Stevenson et al. (1976) DOI: 10.1136/jmg.13.1.1
  Ankara, central 1970/87 Hospital outpatients 1054 25.7 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0064 Basaran et al. (1988) DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1988.tb02888.x
  Eskisehir west, 1970/87 Hospital outpatients 38259 16.8 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0046 Basaran et al. (1988) DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1988.tb02888.x
  Diyarbakir, south-east 1970/87 Hospital outpatients 15862 31.5 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.011 Basaran et al. (1988) DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1988.tb02888.x
  All-Turkey 1970/87 Hospital outpatients 55175 21.2 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0065 Basaran et al. (1988) DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1988.tb02888.x
  Antalya, south-west, rural 1987 Household survey 1020 13.7 1C 0.0086 Güz et al. (1989) DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1989.tb00379.x
  Antalya, south-west, urban 1987 Household survey 1584 16.3 1C 0.0102 Güz et al. (1989) DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1989.tb00379.x
  All-Antalya, south-west 1987 Household survey 2604 15.3 1C 0.0096 Güz et al. (1989) DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1989.tb00379.x
  West 1988 Household survey 1910 12.8 1C,2C 0.0056 Tunçbilek & Ulusoy (1989) PMID: 12159440
  South 1988 Household survey 731 29.6 1C,2C 0.0131 Tunçbilek & Ulusoy (1989) PMID: 12159440
  Centre 1988 Household survey 1305 20.8 1C,2C 0.0091 Tunçbilek & Ulusoy (1989) PMID: 12159440
  North 1988 Household survey 587 23.3 1C,2C 0.0115 Tunçbilek & Ulusoy (1989) PMID: 12159440
  East 1988 Household survey 881 30.8 1C,2C 0.0149 Tunçbilek & Ulusoy (1989) PMID: 12159440
  All-Turkey 1988 Household survey 5257 21.1 1C,2C 0.0096 Tunçbilek & Ulusoy (1989) PMID: 12159440
  Trabzon 1990 Health centre 999 20 1C,2C 0.0108 Baki et al. (1992) PMID: 1505395
  Konya - Household survey 1120 14.6 1C 0.0092 Demirel et al. (1997) PMID: 9457498
  Denizli, Aegean region 1996 School survey 1000 11.7 1C,2C 0.0087 Simsek et al. (1999) DOI: 10.1080/030144699282598 
  Manavgat, urban 2001 Household survey 661 8 1C 0.005 Alper et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1016/j.anngen.2003.09.001
  Manavgat rural, 2001 Household survey 884 15.7 1C 0.0098 Alper et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1016/j.anngen.2003.09.001
  Istanbul 2003/04 Household survey 1369 17.1 1C,2C 0.0093 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  West Marmara 2003/04 Household survey 316 7.9 1C,2C 0.0038 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  Aegean 2003/04 Household survey 1030 12.4 1C,2C 0.0068 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  East Marmara 2003/04 Household survey 645 12.6 1C,2C 0.0064 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  West Anatolia 2004/04 Household survey 717 21.4 1C,2C 0.0118 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  Mediterranean 2003/04 Household survey 954 27.1 1C,2C 0.0146 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  Central Anatolia 2003/04 Household survey 429 20 1C,2C 0.0108 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  West Black Sea 2003/04 Household survey 478 14.9 1C,2C 0.0084 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  East Black Sea 2003/04 Household survey 268 14.6 1C,2C 0.0075 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  North-east Anatolia 2003/04 Household survey 231 29 1C,2C 0.0161 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  Central east Anatolia 2003/04 Household survey 371 28 1C,2C 0.0164 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  South-east Anatolia 2003/04 Household survey 627 39 1C,2C 0.0221 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  All-Turkey 2003/04 Household survey 7435 20.1 1C,2C 0.011 Koç (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S002193200700226X
  Bursa Anatolia 2006/07 Primary health care clinic 1100 32.7 1C,11/2C,2C 0.0154 Özdemir et al. (2009) ResearchGate
  All-Turkey 2013 Household survey 4913 18.5 1C,2C 0.0128 Kaplan et al. (2016) DOI: 10.1017/S0021932016000055
                   
UAE Al Ain 1994/95 Health centre 1502 37.4 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0245 Al-Gazali et al. (1997) DOI: 10.1017/s0021932097004914
  Dubai 1994/95 Health centre 531 32 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0159 Al-Gazali et al (1997).  DOI: 10.1017/s0021932097004914
  Abu Dhabi 2011 Premarital screening 383 31.9 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0221 Denic et al. (2013) DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2013.790827
                   
Yemen All-Yemen 1997 Household survey 9762 33.9 1C 0.0212 Jurdi & Saxena (2003) DOI: 10.1017/s0021932003000014
  Sana’a 2000 Household survey 1050 44.7 D1C,1C,11/2C,2C 0.0244 Gunaid et al. (2004) DOI: 10.1017/s0021932003006138