| CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN THE AMERICAS | |||||||||
| Region/country | Location/ community | Collection period | Study population | Sample size | Consanguinity(%) | Consanguinity types | Coefficient of inbreeding (a) | Reference | DOI/PMID/URL |
| Caribbean | |||||||||
| Puerto Rico | San Juan, north | 1954 | RC dispensation | 6013 | 3.3 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0013 | Freire-Maia (1957) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1957.9987319 |
| Cuba | All-Cuba | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 2277 | 0.8 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0005 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 |
| Pinar del Rio | 2016/17 | Household study | 562 | 2 | UN,1C,11/2C | 0.0012 | Trujillo & Cruz (2019) | ||
| Central America | |||||||||
| Costa Rica | All-Costa Rica | 1954 | RC dispensation | 3833 | 3.4 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0011 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 |
| El Salvador | All- El Salvador | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 2494 | 4.9 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0014 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 |
| Honduras | All-Honduras | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 3759 | 3.4 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0011 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 |
| Mexico | Mexico City | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 24333 | 0.3 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) | https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362 |
| All-Mexico | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 28192 | 1.3 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0003 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| Panama | Panama City | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 15523 | 1.7 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) | https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362 |
| All-Panama | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 350 | 0 | - | 0 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| North America | |||||||||
| Canada | All-Canada | 1959 | RC dispensation | 51729 | 1.5 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0005 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 |
| Québec | 1962/71 | RC dispensation | 21874 | 1.3 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0003 | De Braekeleer & Ross (1991) | DOI:10.1159/000154030 | |
| U.S.A. | All-U.S.A. | 1959/60 | RC dispensation | 133228 | 0.2 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0001 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 |
| Wisconsin | 1941/55 | RC dispensation | 170914 | 0.2 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0001 | Dewey et al. (1965) | PMID: 14295493 | |
| Wisconsin | 1972/81 | RC dispensation | 140289 | 0.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | <0.0001 | Lebel (1983) | DOI:10.1002/ajmg.1320150404 | |
| South America | |||||||||
| Argentina | Buenos Aires | 1954 | RC dispensation | 23000 | 0.9 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0005 | Freire-Maia (1957) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1957.9987319 |
| All-Argentina | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 51391 | 1.1 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| All-Argentina | 1967/79 | Obstetric inpatients | 6494 | 0.2 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0001 | Orioli et al. (1982) | PMID: 7138648 | |
| All-Argentina | 1980/81 | Civil registration | 212320 | 0.4 | 1C | 0.0002 | Castilla et al. (1992) | ||
| Buenos Aires State | 1984 | Civil registration | 32690 | 0.7 | 1C | 0.0004 | Castilla et al. (1992) | ||
| All-Argentina | 1967/96 | Hospital births | 20826 | 0.2 | >1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0001 | Liascovich et al. (2001) | DOI: 10.1159/000022956 | |
| Bolivia | Bogota | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 18497 | 2 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) | https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362 |
| All-Bolivia | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 4130 | 0.6 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0003 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| All-Bolivia | 1967/96 | Hospital births | 958 | 0.2 | 1C | 0.0001 | Liascovich et al. (2001) | DOI: 10.1159/000022956 | |
| Brazil | Sao Paulo | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 14179 | 3.1 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al.. (1966) | https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362 |
| Santa Catarina, south | 1948/51 | RC dispensation | 4361 | 3.6 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0012 | Freire-Maia (1957) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1957.9987319 | |
| Rio de Janeiro, east | 1954 | RC dispensation | 1272 | 1.6 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0009 | Freire-Maia (1957) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1957.9987319 | |
| Sergipe, east | 1954 | RC dispensation | 3815 | 6.4 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0032 | Freire-Maia (1957) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1957.9987319 | |
| Alagoas, north-east | 1954 | RC dispensation | 3566 | 11.7 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0055 | Freire-Maia (1957) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1957.9987319 | |
| Sao Paulo, Serra do Mar | 1950/55 | RC dispensation | 1791 | 7.4 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0026 | Saldanha (1960) | DOI: 10.1159/000151120 | |
| Sao Paulo, Vale do Paraibo | 1950/55 | RC dispensation | 11108 | 0.5 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0002 | Saldanha (1960) | DOI: 10.1159/000151120 | |
| Sao Paulo, Serra do Mantiqueira | 1950/55 | RC dispensation | 1750 | 4 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0017 | Saldanha (1960) | DOI: 10.1159/000151120 | |
| All-Brazil | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 212090 | 4.8 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0023 | Freire-Maia (1957) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1957.9987319 | |
| Rio Grande do Sul | 1967 | RC dispensation | 15300 | 1.2 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0005 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Santa Catarina | 1967 | RC dispensation | 10064 | 1.3 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0005 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Parana | 1967 | RC dispensation | 23383 | 0.9 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0004 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Sao Paulo | 1967 | RC dispensation | 39318 | 1.9 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0006 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Guanabara | 1967 | RC dispensation | 9835 | 1.6 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0008 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Rio Janeiro | 1967 | RC dispensation | 4070 | 1.5 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0007 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Espirito Santo | 1967 | RC dispensation | 1541 | 1.2 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0007 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Minas Gerais | 1967 | RC dispensation | 38864 | 6.4 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0027 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Bahia, Serra do Mar | 1967 | RC dispensation | 8514 | 3.4 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0017 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Sergipe | 1967 | RC dispensation | 1654 | 5.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0024 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Alagoas | 1967 | RC dispensation | 7294 | 4.9 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0022 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Pernambuco | 1967 | RC dispensation | 10753 | 7 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0032 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Paraiba | 1967 | RC dispensation | 9952 | 12.8 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0058 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Rio Grande do Norte | 1967 | RC dispensation | 5104 | 7.7 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0036 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Ceara | 1967 | RC dispensation | 24196 | 7.9 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0038 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Piaui | 1967 | RC dispensation | 4832 | 8.2 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0034 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Maranhão | 1967 | RC dispensation | 8304 | 4.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.002 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Mato-Grosso | 1967 | RC dispensation | 4071 | 1.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0005 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Goiás | 1967 | RC dispensation | 3038 | 1.9 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0008 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Rondonia | 1967 | RC dispensation | 345 | 1.5 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Acre | 1967 | RC dispensation | 945 | 5.4 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0023 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Amazonas | 1967 | RC dispensation | 297 | 1.4 | 2C | 0.0002 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Pará | 1967 | RC dispensation | 4476 | 1.1 | UN/AN,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0003 | da Fonseca & Freire-Maia (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987890 | |
| Porto Alegre, Whites | 1965/70 | Obstetric inpatients | 2328 | 1.9 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0008 | de Araújo & Salzano(1974) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1974.9988119 | |
| Porto Alegre Blacks | 1965/70 | Obstetric inpatients | 984 | 2 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0009 | de Araújo & Salzano(1974) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1974.9988119 | |
| Bahia | 1970s | Hospital visitors | 925 | 7 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0019 | Azevedo et al. (1980) | DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1980.tb01559.x | |
| All-Brazil | 1967/79 | Obstetric inpatients | 2328 | 1.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0005 | Orioli et al. (1982) | PMID: 7138648 | |
| Minas Gerais | 1989 | Household survey | 252 | 15.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0027 | Kaku & Freire-Maia (1992) | DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320420403 | |
| All-Brazil | 1967/96 | Hospital births | 11558 | 1.3 | >1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0007 | Liascovich et al. (2001) | DOI: 10.1159/000022956 | |
| Rio Grande do Norte | - | Household survey | 7639 | 13.7 | UN,D1C,1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0063 | Santos et al. (2010) | DOI: 10.1590/S1415-47572010005000020 | |
| Chile | Santiago | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 23491 | 0.8 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) | https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362 |
| All-Chile | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 28596 | 1.3 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0007 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| Valparaiso | 1957/66 | RC dispensation | 51828 | 0.7 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | Lazo et al. (1970) | DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1970.9987867 | |
| Santiago | 1967/79 | Obstetric inpatients | 2413 | 0.8 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0004 | Orioli et al. (1982) | PMID: 7138648 | |
| All-Chile | 1967/96 | Hospital births | 6959 | 0.7 | >1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0004 | Liascovich et al. (2001) | DOI: 10.1159/000022956 | |
| Colombia | Medellin | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 20146 | 4.4 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) | https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/263362 |
| All-Colombia | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 34470 | 3 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0012 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| All-Colombia | 1967/96 | Hospital births | 609 | 1.1 | 1C,2C | 0.0005 | Liascovich et al. (2001) | DOI: 10.1159/000022956 | |
| Ecuador | All-Ecuador | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 3954 | 6.3 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0023 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 |
| Quito | 1967/79 | Obstetric inpatients | 2261 | 1.1 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0005 | Orioli et al. (1982) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| All-Ecuador | 1967/96 | Hospital births | 2311 | 1.1 | >1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0005 | Liascovich et al. (2001) | DOI: 10.1159/000022956 | |
| Peru | All-Peru | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 565 | 4.1 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0027 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 |
| Lima | 1967/79 | Obstetric inpatients | 203 | 1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | Orioli et al. (1982) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| All-Peru | 1967/96 | Hospital births | 332 | 0.6 | 1C | 0.0004 | Liascovich et al. (2001) | DOI: 10.1159/000022956 | |
| Uruguay | Montevideo | 1952 | RC dispensation | 3955 | 1.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | Freire-Maia (1957) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1957.9987319 |
| All-Uruguay | 1956/57 | RC dispensation | 2931 | 4.5 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0019 | Freire-Maia (1968) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| Montevideo | 1967/79 | Obstetric Inpatients | 921 | 0.9 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0005 | Orioli et al. (1982) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 | |
| All-Uruguay | 1967/96 | Hospital births | 1407 | 0.7 | >1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0004 | Liascovich et al. (2001) | DOI: 10.1159/000022956 | |
| Venezuela | All-Venezuela | 1967/79 | Obstetric inpatients | 1517 | 1.3 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0007 | Orioli et al. (1982) | DOI:10.1080/19485565.1968.9987749 |
| All-Venezuela | 1967/96 | Hospital births | 8592 | 1.4 | >1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | Liascovich et al. (2001) | DOI: 10.1159/000022956 | |