TABLE 3 CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN ASIA |
||||||||
Region/country | Location/ community | Collection period | Study population | Sample size | Consanguinity(%) | Consanguinity types | Coefficient of inbreeding (() | Reference |
East Asia | ||||||||
China | ||||||||
Han | Beijing, urban | 1949/67 | Household survey | 2,370 | 0.007 | 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0003 | Du et al. (1981) |
Beijing, suburban | 1949/67 | Household survey | 1,409 | 1.1 | 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0005 | Du et al. (1981) | |
Beijing, rural | 1949/67 | Household survey | 1,572 | 1.1 | 1C,11/2C,D2C, | 0.0003 | Du et al. (1981) | |
Shanghai, urban | - | - | 3,127 | 0.8 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | Wu (1987) | |
Hubei, urban | 1949/67 | Household survey | 500 | 1.2 | 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0007 | Du et al. (1981) | |
Hubei, rural | 1949/67 | Household survey | 1,874 | 2.8 | 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0015 | Du et al. (1981) | |
Hubei, rural | - | - | 14,427 | 4.3 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0026 | Wu (1987) | |
Sichuan, Shifang | 1987 | Household survey | 526 | 0.068 | 1C | 0.0043 | Wang (pers. comm.) | |
Sichuan, rural | - | - | 168 | 4.8 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0023 | Wu (1987) | |
Heilongiang | - | - | 5,313 | 1.2 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | Wu (1987) | |
Yunnan, rural | - | - | 553 | 4.7 | 1C,11/2C,2C | - | Wu (1987) | |
Xinjiang | - | - | 1,535 | 1.7 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0008 | Wu (1987) | |
Guizhou, rural | - | - | 518 | 5.7 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0034 | Wu (1987) | |
Zejiang, mountain | 1981/91 | Household survey | 11,199 | 3 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0017 | Zhan et al. (1992) | |
Zejiang, plateau | 1981/91 | Household survey | 15,762 | 1.1 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | Zhan et al. (1992) | |
Zejiang | 1981/91 | Household survey | 17,381 | 2.5 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0014 | Zhan et al. (1992) | |
All-Hong Kong | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 9,749 | 1.8 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) | |
Kazakh | Xinjiang | 1951/76 | Household survey | 1,079 | 2.9 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0011 | Ai et al. (1985) |
Uygur | Xinjiang | 1951/76 | Household survey | 2,553 | 8.2 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0047 | Ai et al. (1985) |
Kirgiz | Xinjiang | - | - | 2,863 | 45.2 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0274 | Wu (1987) |
Tajik Uzbek | Xinjiang | - | - | 1,325 | 42.8 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0246 | Wu (1987) |
Xinjiang | - | - | 159 | 0.233 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0011 | Wu (1987) | |
Huizu | Xinjiang | 1951/76 | Household survey | 1,079 | 2.9 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0011 | Ai et al. (1985) |
Gansu | - | - | 1,376 | 9.7 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0049 | Wu (1987) | |
Guangdong | - | - | 614 | 3.9 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0012 | Wu (1987) | |
Guizhou | - | - | 555 | 11.2 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0065 | Wu (1987) | |
Tibetan | Xi Zhang | 1949/67 | Household survey | 697 | 0 | - | 0 | Du et al. (1981) |
Korean | Ji Lin | 1949/67 | Household survey | 2,080 | 0 | - | 0 | Du et al. (1981) |
Lizu | Guangdong/ Hainan | 1949/67 | Household survey | 1,310 | 1.5 | 1C,11/2C,D2C, | 0.0005 | Du et al. (1981) |
Sichuan, urban | - | - | 354 | 58.2 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0431 | Wu (1987) | |
Sichuan, rural | - | - | 326 | 32.2 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0112 | Wu (1987) | |
Yizu | Sichuan | 1949/67 | Household survey | 2,054 | 14.6 | 1C,11/2C,D2C, | 0.0091 | Du et al. (1981) |
Guizhou | - | - | 512 | 12.7 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0067 | Wu (1987) | |
Dongxiang | Gansu | 1949/67 | Household survey | 2,092 | 4.3 | 1C,11/2C,D2C, | 0.0023 | Du et al. (1981) |
Bo’an | Gansu | 1949/67 | Household survey | 772 | 10.9 | 1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0058 | Du et al. (1981) |
Ewenki | Nei Meng Gu | 1949/67 | Household survey | 626 | 0.034 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0012 | Du et al. (1981) |
Orogen | Nei Meng Gu/ Hei Lung Jiang | 1949/67 | Household survey | 183 | 1.6 | 11/2C | 0.0003 | Du et al. (1981) |
Miaozu | Guangdong/ Hainan | 1949/67 | Household survey | 330 | 0.9 | 1C,11/2C | 0.0004 | Du et al. (1981) |
Xibe | Xinjiang | 1951/76 | Household survey | 1,222 | 4.7 | 1C,2C | 0.0025 | Ai et al. (1985) |
Mongolian | Xinjiang | 1951/76 | Household survey | 446 | 0.5 | 1C | 0.0003 | Ai et al. (1985) |
Daizu | Yunnan | - | - | 94 | 21.3 | 1C,11/2C,2C | - | Wu (1987) |
Hizhen | Heilongiang | - | - | 60 | 18.3 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0098 | Wu (1987) |
Hani | Yunnan | - | - | 449 | 12.5 | 1C,11/2C,2C | - | Wu (1987) |
Mong | - | 1992 | Household survey | 525 | 27.4 | UN,1C,11/2C, | 0.0150 | Yang et al. (1994) |
Man | Laioning | 1998 | Household survey | 418 | 3.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0012 | Wang et al. (2002) |
Hong Kong | ||||||||
Chinese | Hong Kong | 2007/16 | Obstetric inpatients | 49,032 | 0.04 | 1C,2C | 0.00002 | Siong et al. (2019) |
Filipino | Hong Kong | 2007/16 | Obstetric inpatients | 235 | 0.4 | 2C | 0.0006 | Siong et al. (2019) |
Indian | Hong Kong | 2007/16 | Obstetric inpatients | 177 | 0.062 | 1C | 0.0039 | Siong et al. (2019) |
Nepalese | Hong Kong | 2007/16 | Obstetric inpatients | 669 | 2.7 | 1C,2C | 0.0013 | Siong et al. (2019) |
Pakistani | Hong Kong | 2007/16 | Obstetric inpatients | 931 | 30.5 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0166 | Siong et al. (2019) |
Japan | Fukushima | - | Household survey | 3,659 | 0.155 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0067 | Watanabe (1956) |
Hiroshima | 1948/53 | Obstetric outpatients | 27,934 | 5.9 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0027 | Schull (1958) | |
Nagasaki | 1948/53 | Obstetric Outpatients | 33,319 | 8 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0037 | Schull (1958) | |
Kure | 1948/53 | Obstetric outpatients | 8,211 | 0.07 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0032 | Schull (1958) | |
Hirado | 1964/65 | Civil registration | 10,457 | 14.7 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0061 | Schull et al. (1970) | |
Fukuoka | 1962/65 | Household | survey/civil registration 45,230 | 7.6 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0029 | Yamaguchi et al. (1970) | |
Shizuoka | 1958/60 | Household survey | 6,161 | 8.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0036 | Komai & Tanaka (1972) | |
All-Japan | 1972 | Household Survey | 9,385 | 5.7 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0018 | Imaizumi et al. (1975) | |
Tokyo | 1975/76 | Paediatric outpatients | 2,383 | 1.2 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0006 | Tanaka et al. (1978) | |
Tokyo | 1961 | School survey | 4,153 | 4.6 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0021 | Furusho (1979) | |
Yokohama | 1961 | School survey | 2,713 | 5.3 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0026 | Furusho (1979) | |
Tokyo & Osaka | 1981 | Workplace survey/ optician outpatients | 983 | 0.4 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0001 | Hosoda et al. (1983) | |
All-Japan | 1983 | Household survey | 9,225 | 3.9 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0013 | Imaizumi (1986) | |
Southeast Asia | ||||||||
Cambodia | Siem Reap | 2004 | Hospital in-/ outpatient | 300 | 0.123 | 1C,2C | 0.0035 | Sullivan pers. comm. |
Indonesia | West Timor & West Flores, Roman Catholic | 1990 | Household survey | 970 | 0.178 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0095 | Glinka (1994) |
Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 15,658 | 0.076 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) |
Philippines | Manila | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 29,143 | 0.004 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) |
Singapore | All-Singapore | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 39,333 | 0.05 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) |
Chinese | 1980 | Marriage registration | 16,698 | 0.3 | 1C | 0.0002 | Tay (1982) | |
Indian | 1980 | Marriage registration | 989 | 4 | UN,1C | 0.0028 | Tay (1982) | |
South Asia | ||||||||
Afghanistan | Nangarhar & Kunard provinces | 1995 | Household survey | 168 | 0.554 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0332 | Wahab et al.. (2006) |
Pashtun | 2010 | Household survey | 2,133 | 43.1 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0296 | Saify & Saadat (2012) | |
Hazara | 2010 | Household survey | 1,081 | 46.7 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0293 | Saify & Saadat (2012) | |
Tajik (Soni) | 2010 | Household survey | 2,293 | 37.8 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0250 | Saify & Saadat (2012) | |
Tajik (Shia) | 2010 | Household survey | 470 | 43.4 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0263 | Saify & Saadat (2012) | |
Uzbek | 2010 | Household survey | 828 | 43.7 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0286 | Saify & Saadat (2012) | |
Turkmen | 2010 | Household survey | 335 | 47.8 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0297 | Saify & Saadat (2012) | |
All-Afghan | 2010 | Household survey | 7,140 | 42.3 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0277 | Saify & Saadat (2012) | |
West and South provinces | ||||||||
Pashtun | 2011/12 | Household survey | 1,369 | 50.2 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0223 | Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) | |
Hazara | 2011/12 | Household survey | 1,427 | 53.4 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0217 | Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) | |
Tajik (Soni) | 2011/12 | Household survey | 1,097 | 50.8 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0210 | Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) | |
Tajik (Shia) | 2011/12 | Household survey | 546 | 0.493 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0252 | Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) | |
Turkmen | 2011/12 | Household survey | 496 | 63.5 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0224 | Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) | |
Sadat | 2011/12 | Household survey | 265 | 50.6 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0218 | Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) | |
All West & South | 2011/12 | Household survey | 5,200 | 52.3 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0219 | Saadat & Tajbakhsh (2013) | |
Bangladesh | Matlab | 1966/- | Household survey | 8,000 | 0.067 | 1C,2C | 0.0015 | Khan et al. (unpublished) |
Teknaf | 1976/- | Household survey | 4,266 | 17.6 | 1C,2C | 0.0101 | Khan et al. (unpublished) | |
India | ||||||||
East | Calcutta | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 19,111 | 0.005 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) |
West Bengal, Muslim | 1969/71 | Household survey | 835 | 22.2 | 1C,2C | 0.0135 | Huq (1976) | |
Bihar, Muslim, suburban | - | Household survey | 7,209 | 24 | 1C | 0.0150 | Afzal (1988) | |
Bihar, Muslim, rural | - | Household survey | 4,524 | 39.9 | 1C | 0.0249 | Afzal (1988) | |
Bihar, All-Muslim | - | Household survey | 476 | 13.9 | 1C,2C | 0.0076 | Ansari & Sinha (1978) | |
All-East India, Muslim | 1992/93 | Household survey | 2,622 | 0.158 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0097 | Bittles & Hussain (2000) | |
All-East India | 1992/93 | Household survey | 14,679 | 5.3 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0032 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
All-East India | 2015/16 | Household survey | 100,800 | 3.5 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0023 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
Central | Madhya Pradesh, Hindu | - | - | 1,145 | 0.086 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0033 | Goswami (1970) |
Madhya Pradesh, Scheduled tribes & castes | - | - | 147 | 28.6 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0145 | Goswami (1970) | |
Madhya Pradesh, Muslim | - | - | 451 | 46.1 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0215 | Goswami (1970) | |
Madhya Pradesh, Christians | - | - | 72 | 25 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0098 | Goswami (1970) | |
All-Central India, Muslim | 1992/93 | Household survey | 1,819 | 27.3 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0168 | Bittles & Hussain (2000) | |
All-Central India | 1992/93 | Household survey | 17,650 | 6 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0037 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
All-Central India | 2015/16 | Household survey | 137,877 | 6.5 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0040 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
North | Delhi, Sunni Muslim | - | Household survey | 1,483 | 0.244 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0100 | Basu (1975) |
Lucknow, Shia Muslim | - | Household survey | 1,000 | 43.4 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0202 | Basu (1975) | |
Udaipur, Shia Muslim | - | Household survey | 957 | 0.411 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0218 | Basu (1978) | |
Delhi, Sunni Muslim | - | Household survey | 502 | 36.5 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0180 | Krishan (1986) | |
Lucknow, Hindu | 1981/84 | Obstetric inpatients | 7,955 | 0.1 | UN,1C | 0.0001 | Agarwal et al. (1991) | |
Lucknow, Muslim | 1981/84 | Obstetric inpatients | 1,276 | 17.2 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0095 | Agarwal et al. (1991) | |
All-North India, Muslim | 1992/93 | Household survey | 1,166 | 23 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0130 | Bittles & Hussain (2000) | |
Ladakh, Balti, Shia Muslim | - | Household survey | 208 | 18.8 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0111 | Bhasin & Nag (2002) | |
Ladakh, Brokpa, Sunni Muslim | - | Household survey | 54 | 14.8 | 1C,2C | 0.0075 | Bhasin & Nag (2002) | |
Ladakh, Arghuns, Sunni Muslim | - | Household survey | 151 | 21.8 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0140 | Bhasin & Nag (2002) | |
All-North India | 1992/93 | Household survey | 18,538 | 2.6 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0015 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
All-North India | 2015/16 | Household survey | 104,840 | 5 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0030 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
North-east | All North-east India | 1992/93 | Household survey | 8,571 | 2.1 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0013 | Kumari et al. (2020) |
All-North-east India | 2015/16 | Household survey | 70,467 | 1.5 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0009 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
South | Andhra Pradesh | 1959/- | Hospital inpatients | 2,177 | 0.306 | UN,AN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0195 | Dronamraju & Meera Khan (1963) |
Andhra Pradesh | 1957/58 | Household survey | 6,945 | 42.5 | UN,1C | 0.0324 | Sanghvi (1966) | |
Andhra Pradesh, Vedde | 1982 | Household survey | 2,078 | 32.4 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0185 | Reddy (1992) | |
Karnataka, Hindu | 1980/89 | Obstetric inpatients | 86,448 | 33.5 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0333 | Bittles et al. (1991) | |
Karnataka, Muslim | 1980/89 | Obstetric inpatients | 17,019 | 23.7 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0160 | Bittles et al. (1991) | |
Karnataka, Christian | 1980/89 | Obstetric inpatients | 4,038 | 18.6 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0173 | Bittles et al. (1991) | |
All-Karnataka | 1980/89 | Obstetric Inpatients | 107,518 | 31.4 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0299 | Bittles et al. (1991) | |
Belgaum, Hindu | - | Household survey | 462 | 31.2 | UN,1C | 0.0273 | Nath et al. (2004) | |
Kerala | 1966 | Hospital inpatients | 889 | 20.7 | 1C,2C | 0.0118 | Kumar et al. (1967) | |
Kerala | - | - | 1,631 | 13 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0075 | Ali (1968) | |
Tamil Nadu | 1968/69 | Household survey | 31,390 | 30 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0231 | Rao et al. (1971) | |
Tamil Nadu, rural | 1969/74 | Household survey | 11,628 | 46.3 | UN,AN,1C,11/2C | 0.0367 | Rao & Inbaraj (1977) | |
Tamil Nadu, urban | 1969/74 | Household survey | 8,998 | 28.6 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0203 | Rao & Inbaraj (1977) | |
Tamil Nadu, Brahmin | 1971/72 | Household survey | 486 | 0.173 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0124 | Srinavasan & Mukherjee (1976) | |
Pondicherry | 1971/72 | Household survey | 1,494 | 55.1 | UN,1C,<1C | 0.0449 | Puri et al. (1978) | |
All-South India, Muslim | 1992/93 | Household survey | 1,912 | 19.4 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0111 | Bittles & Hussain (2000) | |
Karnataka, Mangalore, Hindu | - | Household survey | 417 | 4.1 | 1C,2C | 0.0018 | Bhagya et al. (2012) | |
Karnataka, Mangalore, Muslim | - | Household survey | 376 | 11.2 | 1C,2C | 0.0042 | Bhagya et al. (2012) | |
Karnataka, Mangalore, Christian | - | Household survey | 371 | 1.1 | 1C | 0.0007 | Bhagya et al. (2012) | |
Tamil Nadu, Madurai, rural | 2014/15 | Household survey | 750 | 39.2 | UN,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0264 | Saleem et al. (2016) | |
All-South India | 1992/93 | Household survey | 16,834 | 26.5 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0172 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
All-South India | 2015/16 | Household survey | 66,702 | 23.8 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0153 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
West | Bombay, Hindu | - | - | 3,520 | 0.077 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0039 | Sanghvi et al. (1956) |
Bombay, Muslim | - | - | 1,436 | 21.8 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0095 | Sanghvi et al. (1956) | |
Bombay, Christian | - | - | 1,063 | 0.034 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0012 | Sanghvi et al. (1956) | |
Bombay, Parsi | - | - | 578 | 18 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0096 | Sanghvi et al. (1956) | |
Bombay, Parsi | 1961/72 | Obstetric inpatients | 2,348 | 7.4 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0036 | Undevia & Balakrishnan (1978) | |
Bombay | 1961/64 | Obstetric inpatients | 39,155 | 9.8 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Stevenson et al. (1966) | |
Maharashtra | 1971/73 | Household survey | 5,282 | 26.4 | UN,1C | 0.0175 | Malhotra (1979) | |
All-West India, Muslim | 1992/93 | Household survey | 917 | 33 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0201 | Bittles & Hussain (2000) | |
Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Hindu | - | Household survey | 548 | 15.9 | UN/AN,1C,2C | 0.0101 | Sonkar et al. (2013) | |
Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Muslim | - | Household survey | 101 | 23.8 | 1C,2C | 0.0144 | Sonkar et al. (2013) | |
Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Buddhist | - | Household survey | 51 | 7.8 | 1C | 0.0053 | Sonkar et al. (2013) | |
All-West India | 1992/93 | Household survey | 11,072 | 12.5 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0077 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
All-West India | 2015/16 | Household survey | 42,695 | 9.5 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0059 | Kumari et al. (2020) | |
Iran | Shiraz | 1972/75 | Obstetric inpatients | 9,526 | 0.245 | 1C,2C | 0.0128 | Naderi (1979) |
Rural, Azeri | - | - | 440 | 31.8 | 1C,2C | 0.0071 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Rural, Kurdish | - | - | 550 | 38 | 1C,2C | 0.0157 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Rural, Others | - | - | 3,688 | 50 | 1C,2C | 0.0234 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Tribal, Turkmen | - | - | 647 | 18.4 | 1C,2C | 0.0077 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Tribal, Qashqai | - | - | 189 | 73.5 | 1C,2C | 0.0392 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Muslim | - | - | 756 | 24.3 | 1C,2C | 0.0117 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Zoroastrian | - | - | 600 | 17 | 1C,2C | 0.0109 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Armenian | - | - | 107 | 2.8 | 1C,2C | 0.0018 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Assyrian | - | - | 162 | 9.3 | 1C,2C | 0.0020 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Jewish | - | - | 449 | 25.4 | UN,1C,2C | 0.0134 | Farhud et al. (1991) | |
Persian, Shi’a | 2001 | Household survey | 169,310 | 30 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0170 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Persian, Sunni | 2001 | Household survey | 5,435 | 52.1 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0289 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Kurdish, Shi’a | 2001 | Household survey | 17,005 | 35.9 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0208 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Kurdish, Sunni | 2001 | Household survey | 14,017 | 40.1 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0235 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Azari | 2001 | Household survey | 60,161 | 0.316 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0184 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Lur | 2001 | Household survey | 22,545 | 31.1 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0182 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Baluchi | 2001 | Household survey | 4,484 | 50 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0294 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Turkaman | 2001 | Household survey | 1,911 | 37.6 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0218 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Arab | 2001 | Household survey | 4,238 | 44.3 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0239 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Bakhtiari | 2001 | Household survey | 4,772 | 36.5 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0203 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Zaboli | 2001 | Household survey | 1,193 | 37 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0209 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Ghashghai | 2001 | Household survey | 1,272 | 40.3 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0223 | Saadat et al. (2004) | |
Yazd | - | Newborn survey | 1,195 | 25.1 | D1C,1C,11/2C | 0.0165 | Tayebi et al. (2010) | |
Georgian | - | Household survey | 644 | 22 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0103 | Rafiee & Saadat (2011) | |
Gilan | 2005 | Household survey | 1,598 | 20.9 | 1C,2C | 0.0082 | Hosseini-Chavoshi et al. (2014) | |
Isfahan | 2005 | Household survey | 1,494 | 0.442 | 1C,2C | 0.0177 | Hosseini-Chavoshi et al. (2014) | |
Yazd | 2005 | Household survey | 1,505 | 50.2 | 1C,2C | 0.0208 | Hosseini-Chavoshi et al(2014). | |
Tehran | 2005 | Household survey | 918 | 34 | 1C,2C | 0.0121 | Hosseini-Chavoshi et al. (2014) | |
Tabriz | 2012/13 | Premarital counselling | 766 | 20.9 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0082 | Heidari et al. (2014) | |
Nepal | Muslim | 2011/12 | Household survey | 400 | 0.325 | 1C | 0.0203 | Bhatta & Haque (2014) |
Pakistan | Lahore | 1979/80 | Obstetric inpatients | 966 | 0.388 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0269 | Shami & Zahida (1982) |
Mianchannu | 1980 | Household survey | 135 | 37.8 | 1C | 0.0236 | Shami (1983) | |
Muridke | 1980 | Household survey | 251 | 41.2 | 1C,11/2C,D2C | 0.0240 | Shami (1983) | |
Sheikhupura | 1982/83 | Household survey | 1,007 | 48.9 | 1C,11/2C,D2C | 0.0271 | Shami & Iqbal (1983) | |
Gujrat | 1982/83 | Household survey/ obstetric inpatients | 1,002 | 48.5 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0277 | Shami & Hussain (1984) | |
Jhelum | 1983/84 | Household survey | 1,027 | 44.2 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0262 | Shami & Minhas (1984) | |
Rawalpindi | 1983/84 | Household survey | 1,000 | 48.1 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0286 | Shami & Siddiqui (1984) | |
Faisalabad | 1985/86 | Household survey | 1,033 | 52.1 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0293 | Bittles et al. (1993) | |
Gujrunwala | 1985/86 | Household survey | 1,059 | 58.9 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0323 | Bittles et al. (1993) | |
Sahiwal | 1985/86 | Household survey | 1,003 | 56.1 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0295 | Bittles et al. (1993) | |
Sialkot | 1985/86 | Household survey | 1,037 | 0.518 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0261 | Bittles et al. (1993) | |
All-Punjab | 1979/86 | Household survey/obstetric inpatients | 9,520 | 50.3 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0280 | Bittles et al. (1993) | |
Lahore | 1987/90 | Household survey | 940 | 46.2 | D1C,1C,11/2C,D2C,2C | 0.0242 | Yaqoob et al. (1993) | |
All-Pakistan | 1990/91 | Household survey | 6,611 | 61.2 | 1C,2C | 0.0332 | NIPS (1992) | |
NWFP/Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1990/91 | Household survey | 878 | 51 | 1C,2C | 0.0259 | NIPS (1992) | |
Quetta | - | Gynaecology inpatients | 171 | 31.6 | 1C,2C | 0.0217 | Mian & Mushtaq (1994) | |
Swat, urban | 1986 | Household survey | 1,019 | 31.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0163 | Wahab & Ahmad (1996) | |
Swat, rural | 1986 | Household survey | 1,018 | 37.1 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0166 | Wahab & Ahmad (1996) | |
All-Pakistan | 2006/07 | Household survey | 10,023 | 60.5 | 1C,2C | 0.0340 | NIPS (2008) | |
Punjab | 2006/07 | Household survey | 5,800 | 60.7 | 1C,2C | 0.0344 | NIPS (2008) | |
Sindh | 2006/07 | Household survey | 2,410 | 64.2 | 1C,2C | 0.0365 | NIPS (2008) | |
NWFP/Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 2006/07 | Household survey | 1,351 | 51.1 | 1C,2C | 0.0280 | NIPS (2008) | |
Balochistan | 2006/07 | Household survey | 462 | 0.655 | 1C,2C | 0.0346 | NIPS (2008) | |
All-Pakistan | 2012/13 | Household survey | 13,558 | 56.4 | 1C,2C | 0.0315 | NIPS (2013) | |
Punjab | 2012/13 | Household survey | 7,790 | 54.1 | 1C,2C | 0.0308 | NIPS (2013) | |
Sindh | 2012/13 | Household survey | 3,133 | 63.1 | 1C,2C | 0.0345 | NIPS (2013) | |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 2012/13 | Household survey | 1,908 | 53.3 | 1C,2C | 0.0295 | NIPS (2013) | |
Balochistan | 2012/13 | Household survey | 568 | 63.4 | 1C,2C | 0.0339 | NIPS (2013) | |
Azad Jammu & Kashmir | 2010 | Household survey | 1,584 | 62.2 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0347 | Jabeen & Malik (2014) | |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Malakand, rural | 2011/13 | Household survey | 1,192 | 66.4 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0338 | Sthanadar et al. (2014) | |
Southern Punjab, Rahim Yar Khan | 2010/11 | Household survey | 2,174 | 58.5 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0355 | Riaz et al. (2016) | |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 2015/16 | Household survey | 1,500 | 58.3 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0259 | Pervaiz et al. (2018) | |
Islamabad | - | Maternal care hospital outpatients | 300 | 51 | 1C,2C | 0.0259 | Khan & Mazhar (2018) | |
Rawalpindi | 2017 | Obstetric inpatients | 1,381 | 45.4 | 1C,2C | 0.0217 | Choudry et al. (2020) | |
Sri Lanka | Kandy, Buddhist | 1973 | Household survey | 455 | 0.215 | 1C,2C | 0.0092 | Reid (1976) |
West Asia | ||||||||
Bahrain | Bahrain | 1989 | Child health survey | 10,070 | 0.455 | 1C,<1C | 0.0166 | Al-Naser (1994) |
Bahrain | 1989 | Married women | 500 | 31.8 | 1C,11/2C, 2C | 0.0152 | Al Arrayed (1994) | |
Bahrain | 2009 | Newborn survey | 10,248 | 6.8 | 1C | 0.0003 | Al-Arrayed & Hamamy (2012) | |
Iraq | Baghdad | - | Hospital in- & out-patients/ medical students | 4,491 | 0.464 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0225 | Al-Hamamy et al. (1986) |
Baghdad | - | Workplace survey | 382 | 53.4 | 1C,2C | 0.0228 | Hamamy & Al-Hakkak (1989) | |
Baghdad, urban | 2004 | Household survey | 6,381 | 29 | D1C,1C | 0.0194 | Central Organization for Statistics and IT (COSIT) (2005) | |
Baghdad, rural | 2004 | Household survey | 437 | 50 | D1C,1C | 0.0325 | COSIT (2005) | |
Central Iraq, urban | 2004 | Household survey | 3,950 | 35 | D1C,1C | 0.0238 | COSIT (2005) | |
Central Iraq, rural | 2004 | Household survey | 2,274 | 40 | D1C,1C | 0.0263 | COSIT (2005) | |
Northern Iraq, urban | 2004 | Household survey | 553 | 25 | D1C,1C | 0.0176 | COSIT (2005) | |
Northern Iraq, rural | 2004 | Household survey | 2,339 | 26 | D1C,1C | 0.0219 | COSIT (2005) | |
Southern Iraq, urban | 2004 | Household survey | 5,582 | 0.32 | D1C,1C | 0.0213 | COSIT (2005) | |
Southern Iraq, rural | 2004 | Household survey | 2,384 | 41 | D1C,1C | 0.0269 | COSIT (2005) | |
All-Iraq | 2004 | Household survey | 23,937 | 33 | D1C,1C | 0.0219 | COSIT (2005) | |
Israel | Ashkenazi migrants | 1955/57 | Obstetric inpatients | 4,734 | 0.014 | UN,1C | 0.0009 | Goldschmidt et al. (1960) |
Sephardi migrants | 1955/57 | Obstetric inpatients | 6,690 | 8.8 | UN,1C | 0.0060 | Goldschmidt et al. (1960) | |
Petah Tiqwa, Jewish, Askenazi | 1969/70 | Obstetric inpatients | 1,242 | 1.3 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Tsafrir & Halbrecht(1972) | |
Petah Tiqwa Jewish, Non-Ashkenazi | 1969/70 | Obstetric inpatients | 1,916 | 14.3 | >1C,1C,<1C | - | Tsafrir & Halbrecht (1972) | |
All-Israel, Arab | - | School survey | 3,203 | 34.2 | D1C,1C | 0.0238 | Bashi (1977) | |
Galilee, Druze | - | Paediatric clinic | 191 | 48.7 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0252 | Freundlich & Hino (1984) | |
Galilee, Muslim | - | Paediatric clinic | 189 | 39.7 | 1C,2C,11/2C | 0.0199 | Freundlich & Hino (1984) | |
Galilee, Christian | - | Paediatric clinic | 170 | 28.8 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0137 | Freundlich & Hino (1984) | |
Galilee, Arab & Druze | 1976/83 | Paediatric clinic | 1,546 | 32.2 | 1C,2C | 0.0163 | Gev et al. (1986) | |
All-Israel, Arab, urban | 1992 | School survey | 1,156 | 0.242 | D1C,1C,11/2C | 0.0153 | Jaber et al. (1994) | |
All-Israel, Arab, suburban | 1992 | School survey | 2,267 | 28.2 | D1C,1C,11/2C | 0.0178 | Jaber et al. (1994) | |
All-Israel, Arab, rural | 1992 | School survey | 5,098 | 30.6 | D1C,1C,11/2C | 0.0194 | Jaber et al. (1994) | |
Central Israel, Arab | 1981/85 | School survey | 3,328 | 26.6 | D1C,1C,11/2C | 0.0153 | Jaber et al. (2000) | |
All Israel, Arab Muslim | 1990/92 | Obstetric survey | 1,025 | 32.1 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0177 | Vardi-Saliternik et al. (2002) | |
All Israel, Bedouin | 1990/92 | Obstetric survey | 278 | 45.3 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0253 | Vardi-Salternik et al. (2002) | |
All Israel, Arab Christian | 1990/92 | Obstetric survey | 107 | 20.6 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0119 | Vardi-Salternik et al. (2002) | |
All Israel, Druze | 1990/92 | Obstetric survey | 115 | 40.9 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0233 | Vardi-Salternik et al. (2002) | |
Lower Galilee, Arab | 1970/2000 | Village study | 483 | 17.5 | 1C | 0.0104 | Zlotogora et al. (2002) | |
Haifa District, Arab Muslim | 1980/85 | Multi-village survey | 264 | 29.9 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C, | 0.0184 | Sharkia et al. (2007) | |
Haifa District, Arab Muslim | 2000/04 | Multi-village survey | 1,057 | 20 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0106 | Sharkia et al. (2007) | |
Southern Israel, Bedouin | 2009/10 | Obstetric survey | 1,290 | 0.391 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0236 | Na’amnih et al. (2014) | |
Haifa, Northern & Central Israel, Arab Muslim | <2000/09 | Health centre study | 4,894 | 23.5 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0125 | Na’amnih et al. (2015) | |
Haifa, Northern & Central Israel, Druze | <2000/09 | Health centre study | 696 | 27.2 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0139 | Na’amnih et al. (2015) | |
Haifa, Northern & Central Israel, Arab Christian | <2000/09 | Health centre study | 395 | 14.9 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0073 | Na’amnih et al. (2015) | |
All-Israel, Arab Muslim | 1948/2007 | Multi-centre survey | 2,472 | 30.5 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0152 | Sharkia et al. (2015) | |
All-Israel, Arab Christian | 1948/2007 | Multi-centre survey | 363 | 16.5 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0110 | Sharkia et al. (2015) | |
All-Israel, Arab Druze | 1948/2007 | Multi-centre survey | 338 | 26.3 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0176 | Sharkia et al. (2015) | |
All Israel, All-Arab | 2000/07 | Multi-centre survey | 737 | 22.9 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0112 | Sharkia et al. (2015) | |
Jordan | Irbid, north-east | 1963/64 | Paediatric outpatients | 1,097 | 0.521 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0230 | Cook & Hanslip (1966) |
All-Jordan | 1969/79 | Household survey | 1,989 | 39.7 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0225 | Khoury and Massad (1992) | |
Irbid | - | Hospital outpatients | 900 | 50.6 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0284 | Al-Salem & Rawashdeh (1993) | |
Balqa | 1986/89 | Household survey | 340 | 0.403 | 1C,11/2C | 0.0180 | Nabulsi (1993) | |
Amman | 2004 | Diabetic clinic | 2,594 | 25.5 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0142 | Hamamy et al. (2005) | |
All-Jordan | 2012 | Household survey | 11,352 | 33.6 | 1C,2C | 0.0159 | Dept. of Statistics (Jordan) & ICF International (2013) | |
Kuwait | All-Kuwait | - | Obstetric inpatients | 2,133 | 0.384 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0174 | El-Alfi et al. (1969) |
All-Kuwait | 1983 | Obstetric/ Gynecology outpatients | 5,007 | 34.3 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0219 | Al-Awadi et al. (1985) | |
Kuwait City | 1996/97 | Household survey | 404 | 22.5 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0139 | Radovanovic et al. (1999) | |
Jahra | 1996/97 | Household survey | 555 | 42.2 | D1C,1C,2C | 0.0251 | Radovanovic et al. (1999) | |
Lebanon | Beirut | 1981/82 | Obstetric inpatients | 750 | 0.26 | 1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0116 | Klat & Khudr (1986) |
Beirut, Christian | 1983/84 | Household survey | 1,001 | 16.5 | 1C,<1C | 0.0049 | Khlat (1988) | |
Beirut, | 1983/84 | Household survey | 1,853 | 0.296 | 1C,<1C | 0.0109 | Khlat (1988) | |
Beirut, All religions | 1983/84 | Household survey | 2,854 | 25 | 1C,<1C | 0.0088 | Khlat (1988) | |
Bekaa Valley, Sunni Bedouin | 2000 | Household survey | 1,100 | 47.2 | 1C | 0.0324 | Joseph (2007) | |
All-Lebanon | - | Household survey | 1,556 | 35.5 | 1C,2C | 0.0204 | Barbour & Salameh (2009) | |
All-Lebanon, Shia | 2011 | Household survey | 1,203 | 28 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0161 | El-Kheshan & Saadat (2013) | |
Oman | All-Oman | 1994/97 | Obstetric outpatients | 60,895 | 0.359 | 1C,2C | 0.0169 | Rajab & Patton (2000) |
All-Oman | 1995 | Health centre | 500 | 33 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0180 | Rajab & Patton (2000) | |
All-Oman | 1995 | Household survey | 6,405 | 33.7 | 1C | 0.0211 | Islam (2012) | |
All-Oman | 2000 | Household survey | 2,037 | 38.5 | 1C | 0.0241 | Islam (2012) | |
Palestinian Territories | Gaza | 1995 | Household survey | 10,409 | 0.272 | 1C | 0.0170 | Pedersen (2002) |
West Bank | 1995 | Household survey | 5,778 | 31.6 | 1C | 0.0198 | Pedersen (2002) | |
All-Palestine | 1995 | Household survey | 16,171 | 29.2 | 1C | 0.0183 | Assaf & Khawaja (2009) | |
All-Palestine | 2004 | Household survey | 4,971 | 0.277 | D1C,1C | 0.0186 | Assaf & Khawaja (2009) | |
Gaza | 2000/13 | Premarital survey | 156,635 | 39.9 | 1C,2C | 0.0179 | Sirdah (2014) | |
Qatar | Doha | 2004 | Outpatient clinic | 1,515 | 44.5 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0271 | Bener & Alali (2006) |
Doha | 2008 | Workplace survey | 132 | 50 | D1C,1C,11/2C,2C | 0.0333 | Sandridge et al. (2010) | |
Saudi Arabia | All-Saudi | 1980s | Hospital visitors |